Genetics - definition, meaning
Genetics is the study of the laws of inheritance and the phenomenon of variability of organisms based on information contained in nucleic acids. The word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905 in connection with his research. After this term was used at the Third International Conference on Plant Crossing, this concept was popularized and adopted. So the term has forever entered the dictionary and is still used today.
The most important events in the field of genetics:
1866. Grzegorz Mendel formulated the rules governing the inheritance of traits, which were later called Mendel's laws.
1910. Thomas Morgan published the chromosomal theory of inheritance, according to which the main inheritance factors or genes are located on chromosomes.
1928. Frederick Griffith conducted an experiment in which he discovered that a live avirulent bacterium can extract genetic material from a dead virulent bacterium. He called the observed phenomenon a transformation.
1931. Joachim Hammerling conducted an experiment in which he proved that the genetic material is located in the cell nucleus.
1944. Oswald Theodore Avery and his colleagues (McLeod, McCarthy) discovered that DNA is the carrier of genetic information, and not proteins, as previously thought. This result was confirmed in 1952 by Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey.
1953. James Watson and Francis Crick developed a model of the spatial structure of DNA based on Rosalind Franklin's research.
1977. Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert have developed a method of sequencing, that is, reading the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
2003. Within the framework of the Human Genome project, the sequences of the human genome were developed, and it was known that it was 99% known.
The structure of RNA
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a polymer composed of monomers bound together called nucleotides. Although the structure of RNA resembles DNA, there are fundamental differences between the two molecules. Unlike DNA, which is double-stranded, RNA forms only one strand (we say that RNA is single-stranded). In addition, the acid is unstable and is exposed to endonuclease, which breaks it down.
The RNA molecule is much smaller than DNA (up to several thousand nucleotides, and DNA consists of a million) and has a different spatial structure. RNA does not form a double helix, but since it has regions containing complementary sequences, it is possible to create hydrogen bonds between the corresponding bases (AU, CG). This creates the characteristic bends of the RNA (arms ending in an unpaired loop), resembling a hairpin. Thus, RNA can take many different spatial forms. Very well casino offers users access to a huge selection of slots, table games, and live dealer games, offering something for everyone. The platform combines simple registration, fast payouts, secure transactions, modern bonus programs, and 24/7 customer support to create a comfortable environment for all players.